异常处理是C++的一项语言机制，用于在程序中处理异常事件。异常事件在C++中表示为异常对象。异常事件发生时，程序使用throw关键字抛出异常表达式，抛出点称为异常出现点，由操作系统为程序设置当前异常对象，然后执行程序的当前异常处理代码块，在包含了异常出现点的最内层的try块，依次匹配catch语句中的异常对象（只进行类型匹配，catch参数有时在catch语句中并不会使用到）。若匹配成功，则执行catch块内的异常处理语句，然后接着执行try…catch…块之后的代码。如果在当前的try…catch…块内找不到匹配该异常对象的catch语句,则由更外层的try…catch…块来处理该异常；如果当前函数内所有的try…catch…块都不能匹配该异常，则递归回退到调用栈的上一层去处理该异常。如果一直退到主函数main()都不能处理该异常，则调用系统函数terminate()终止程序。

一、抛异常---throw

throw是个关键字，与抛出表达式构成了throw语句。其语法为：throw 表达式;throw语句必须包含在try块中，也可以是被包含在调用栈的外层函数的try块中。执行throw语句时，throw表达式将作为对象被复制构造为一个新的对象，称为异常对象。异常对象放在内存的特殊位置，该位置既不是栈也不是堆，在window上是放在线程信息块TIB中。这个构造出来的新对象与本级的try所对应的catch语句进行类型匹配。如下：

在vc++里，throw关键字其实是对RaiseException函数的封装，代码如下：

__declspec(noreturn) extern "C" void __stdcall
#if !defined(_M_ARM) || defined(_M_ARM_NT)
_CxxThrowException(
#else
__CxxThrowException(
#endif
        void*           pExceptionObject,   // The object thrown
        _ThrowInfo*     pThrowInfo          // Everything we need to know about it
) {
        EHTRACE_ENTER_FMT1("Throwing object @ 0x%p", pExceptionObject);

        static const EHExceptionRecord ExceptionTemplate = { // A generic exception record
            EH_EXCEPTION_NUMBER,            // Exception number
            EXCEPTION_NONCONTINUABLE,       // Exception flags (we don't do resume)
            NULL,                           // Additional record (none)
            NULL,                           // Address of exception (OS fills in)
            EH_EXCEPTION_PARAMETERS,        // Number of parameters
            {   EH_MAGIC_NUMBER1,           // Our version control magic number
                NULL,                       // pExceptionObject
                NULL,
#if _EH_RELATIVE_OFFSETS
                NULL                        // Image base of thrown object
#endif
            }                      // pThrowInfo
        };
        EHExceptionRecord ThisException = ExceptionTemplate;    // This exception

        ThrowInfo* pTI = (ThrowInfo*)pThrowInfo;
        if (pTI && (THROW_ISWINRT( (*pTI) ) ) )
        {
            ULONG_PTR *exceptionInfoPointer = *reinterpret_cast<ULONG_PTR**>(pExceptionObject);
            exceptionInfoPointer--; // The pointer to the ExceptionInfo structure is stored sizeof(void*) infront of each WinRT Exception Info.

            WINRTEXCEPTIONINFO** ppWei = reinterpret_cast<WINRTEXCEPTIONINFO**>(exceptionInfoPointer);
			pTI = (*ppWei)->throwInfo;

			(*ppWei)->PrepareThrow( ppWei );
        }

        //
        // Fill in the blanks:
        //
        ThisException.params.pExceptionObject = pExceptionObject;
        ThisException.params.pThrowInfo = pTI;
#if _EH_RELATIVE_OFFSETS
        PVOID ThrowImageBase = RtlPcToFileHeader((PVOID)pTI, &ThrowImageBase);
        ThisException.params.pThrowImageBase = ThrowImageBase;
#endif

        //
        // If the throw info indicates this throw is from a pure region,
        // set the magic number to the Pure one, so only a pure-region
        // catch will see it.
        //
        // Also use the Pure magic number on Win64 if we were unable to
        // determine an image base, since that was the old way to determine
        // a pure throw, before the TI_IsPure bit was added to the FuncInfo
        // attributes field.
        //
        if (pTI != NULL)
        {
            if (THROW_ISPURE(*pTI))
            {
                ThisException.params.magicNumber = EH_PURE_MAGIC_NUMBER1;
            }
#if _EH_RELATIVE_OFFSETS
            else if (ThrowImageBase == NULL)
            {
                ThisException.params.magicNumber = EH_PURE_MAGIC_NUMBER1;
            }
#endif
        }

        //
        // Hand it off to the OS:
        //

        EHTRACE_EXIT;
#if defined(_M_X64) && defined(_NTSUBSET_)
        RtlRaiseException( (PEXCEPTION_RECORD) &ThisException );
#else
        RaiseException( ThisException.ExceptionCode,
                        ThisException.ExceptionFlags,
                        ThisException.NumberParameters,
                        (PULONG_PTR)&ThisException.params );
#endif
}

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